Environmental health impact assessment.(2) Essay

Environmental health impact assessment.(2) - Essay Example 2009, cited in Harris and Spickett 2010, 1) The development of EIA’s methodologies and procedures originated in North America, later in Europe, mainly by ecologists whose concern in assessing the impacts of development activities focused more on human health. Similar efforts were then made for the development of health impact assessment methodologies and procedures, but this had not been as smooth as EIA’s. The (1) ‘lack of epidemiological knowledge regarding dose-response relationships’ and the (2) ill-preparedness of concerned government authorities to release documents showing in concrete figures the impact of development on the incidences of death and diseases made the latter job difficult. The first problem made it difficult to determine the effect of environmental changes on health, for example, the release of pollutants; whereas, the second problem denied hard evidences on the adverse health impacts of development. (Giroult1990, 259) Resultantly, the health components have become the main lim itations of many EIA studies. A WHO commissioned study of 15 EIAs testified to this saying: â€Å"... off-site health effects generally have been given a low priority and have not been treated systematically† (cited in Giroult1990, 259). To ensure that health will be consciously considered in EIAs against these difficulties, a new approach, namely Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) was proposed. (Giroult1990, 259) To understand this new approach, the key term – environmental health – that differentiates it from the current approach has to be defined. From Listorti and Doumani’s (2001) noted environmental health’s definition, it essentially means, as that which prevents health hazards, namely ‘increasing human diseases, injury, and premature death’, while pursuing development activities (349). Main health hazards are classified as:

Personal Statement Apply to UK Universities (Postgraduate Degree) Essay

Personal Statement Apply to UK Universities (Postgraduate Degree) - Essay Example good grades he had received in his initial year of his undergraduate course and his continued studentship in the organization has been based on his good academic showing. We understand that his performance during his course was above average and placed him amongst the upper bracket of the students in his class. His language of instruction, which was English, was another asset for us. At the time of his studentship the organization was in the process of re-organizing its use of information and communication technology in its business activities. Mr. Janny ---- was given the responsibility of planning the required changes, implementing the required changes and evaluating the impact of the changes, under my guidance over the many years of his studentship with us. We are pleased to confirm his ability for planning changes, leading and executing the changes and evaluating the changes. The end result of these activities of his has been that we find effective use of information and communication technology in our business operations, particularly with regards to our international trading activities and our attempts at remaining competitive and expanding our markets. He had indicated that he would like to pursue a post graduate course in information and communication technology and we believe he has made the right choice taking into consideration his undergraduate program, abilities and aptitude. It was this desire of his and the discussions with him that made us provide him with an opportunity to experience the field of information communication and technology during his studentship with us. The work experience that he gained with us in revamping our use of information and communication technology should stand him in good stead during his post graduate course in information communication and technology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. It is our experience of his nature of working hard with diligence, abilities and his analytical and

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment Example The profitability index (PI); and iv. The payback period Lambert currently has a choice of investing in either of three machines – Alumier which is a replacement for the current machine, Big EZ – which is supplied by an American firm, and Cial which is manufactured in Japan. The objective of performing an evaluation is to determine which of these three investment options will provide the best return to the shareholders of the firm. The Net Present Value (NPV) According to Ryan and Ryan (2002) the NPV is one of the most preferred investment appraisal techniques. This method strongly rivals the IRR as one of the most popular investment appraisal techniques. In fact, Campbell and Brown (2003) indicates that it performs better than IRR in relation to making choices between mutually exclusive projects but needs to be modified in capital rationing decisions and when project choices have unequal lives. Additionally, where projects are not divisible under capital rationing it m ay be best to invest in several small projects which exhaust the budget but have lower profitability ratios and generates a higher NPV when added together rather than a large project with a higher profitability which does not exhaust the budget (Campbell and Brown 2003). ... formula for calculating NPV is as follows: NPV = CF0 + ((CF1/(1 + IRR)1) + ((CF2/(1 + IRR)2) †¦ ((CFn/(1 + IRR)n) The decision rule criteria indicate that projects with a positive NPV should be accepted. In the case of mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest NPV value should be selected. Information on the NPV for the three investment options are shown in Table 1 in Appendix 1. The information in Table 1 indicates that the Alumier Machine and the Cial Machine will both yield a positive NPV. However, only one machine is required and so the two investments are mutually exclusive. Therefore, the machine with the highest NPV value should be chosen. The Alumier Machine will yield an NPV of ?32,180 compared to ?65,650 for the Cial Machine. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The IRR is another very popular and well recognized investment evaluation technique which along with NPV is rated above the other techniques (Titman et al 2011). It is the discount rate that yields an NPV of zero (Titman et al 2011). The IRR decision rule criterion is to invest in the project if the IRR is greater than the discount rate used in calculating the NPV. One of the most common problem that has been raised about the IRR is the possibility of multiple internal rates which conflict with each other or the possibility of none at all (Hazen 2003). The formula for calculating IRR which is similar to that used in calculating NPV and is given as: NPV = CF0 + ((CF1/(1 + IRR)1) + ((CF2/(1 + IRR)2) †¦ ((CFn/(1 + IRR)n) = 0 This formula is used to find the rate of return where NPV = 0. The information relating to IRR for the three investment options are shown in Table 2 in Appendix 1. The information in Table 2 indicates that the IRR for the Alumier and the Cial Machines are higher than

Locate the budget for a local government Assignment

Locate the budget for a local government - Assignment Example This league has been serving officials since 1915 through the Garden State, and it was authorized by state statute (Dressel, 2014). The revenue sources for the league include property taxes that are levied on all classes of properties this levy is assessed locally and collected to aid in the running of the municipality and county government. The state also gives the municipality some funds directly or indirectly through reliefs in for instance property taxes. Other sources of revenue include; service charge, optional local taxes and counties or special district government levies (Dressel, 2014). Another source of revenue is the inter-governmental transfers, which may be for funding of government activities or specific projects. The largest income percentage of the budget comes from taxes, this is so because there are many direct and indirect taxes levied on individuals and corporations within the league. They include property, sales and income taxes (Dressel, 2014). This method is the best since it covers a wider base as they are charged either directly or indirectly. The government should think outside the box in collecting revenues by looking at other avenues instead of relying on the traditional sources. The internet has opened up many possible opportunities that may help to a great extend in harnessing the incomes. The league can also reduce the operational costs thus increase the net revenues, which will be available to

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to Essay

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments - Essay Example Raich (2005), South Dakota V. Texas (1987) and Lawrence V. Texas (2003). Moreover, the discussion will also highlight how these cases relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments. The case of Gonzalez v. Raich (2005) is mainly related to the legal medical use of marijuana. In relation to this case, it can be ascertained that during the year 1996, California law passed the ‘Compassionate Use Act’, authorizing the use of marijuana for medical treatment. On the other hand, Controlled Substances Act (CSA) banned the use of the same. This difference in the viewpoints persisting between California law and CSA eventually led towards a conflicting situation. The major issue, which emerged in relation to the case, is mainly determining whether Congress is having the power to regulate marijuana production agreeable to the interstate commerce clause. Specially mentioning, this case addresses the federalism concept in the form of witnessing the involvement of both federal government and individual states concerning the regulation of producing and consuming marijuana (Oyez, Inc., â€Å"GONZALES v. RAICH†). South Dakota v. Dole (1987) is related to the case wherein South Dakota sued district court against Dole and the US government in relation to the violation of Section 158. This particular Section sets the constitutional limits on Congress regarding the power based on â€Å"21st amendment to the US constitution.† In accordance with the South Dakota law, individuals aged 19 and above are permitted to buy beer having 3.2% alcohol. The case illustrates the dispute regarding the state and the power of federal government in relation to the implementation of a minimum drinking usage. Again, the involvement of state as well as the federal government in this jurisdiction issue relates the aforesaid case with the concept of federalism (Thomson Reuters, â€Å"SOUTH DAKOTA v. DOLE, 483 U.S.

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks - Case Study Example Allegra conducted a survey of more than six thousand consumers and it was found out that Starbucks concentrated on customer satisfaction, maintained ethics and treated its suppliers fairly (Holmes, 49, 2007). Starbucks has concentrated on following the rules and regulations of United Kingdom. At the same time, it has concentrated on corporate social responsibility. Starbucks in extremely popular among all consumer segments because it concentrates on giving the best coffee and create an enthralling experience for them. At the same time, it treats both employees and customers well. In China, Starbucks had succeeded integrating the local and American culture in order to create an enchanting experience for them (Miller & Sanders, 25, 2008). Starbucks has opened more than one thousand international outlets in more than eight hundred locations. In the United Kingdom, Starbucks needs to expand its presence as it might be possible that consumers may turn to other beverages. Although Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the branded coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. ... Competition Although Starbucks has successfully become the leader in the branded coffee provider and coffee house domain, it still faces competition from its competitors. In United Kingdom, its competitors include local coffee outlets, Caribou Coffee, Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, etc. To maintain its position, Starbucks will concentrate on meeting the demands of customers (Zeithaml, 74, 2000). . China Environment Starbucks has now decided to open its first store in Beijing, in China, which is located in Park Towers Shopping Mall. It has both retail and space storage and is located in the heart of shopping activities (Strehle & Cruickshank, 201, 2007) . PEST analysis Political Factors In order to survive in the Chinese market, Starbucks needs to follow the rules and regulations of the government. At the same time, it would concentrate on customer satisfaction and maintain ethics. It will also concentrate maintaining its social corporate responsibility (Zackfta, 89, 2007). . Economical Factors Starbucks is relatively a new concept in China. For this purpose, it will concentrate on introducing new products with local taste, in order to target all consumer segments. It would concentrate on integrating local and western culture in order to generate revenues by winning customers. Social Factors Starbucks must concentrate on introducing new products, which would have local taste in order to win the consumers in China. Technological Factors Starbucks strives for constant innovation and development of new products and services. It would employ Starbucks Card and Blue Martini management system in order to retain its customers. Entry Strategy Starbucks would concentrate on entering the China market in order to promote, publicize and campaign for its

3 Types of Love in Romeo Annd Juliet Essay Example for Free

3 Types of Love in Romeo Annd Juliet Essay Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, a play of two young lovers from opposing families is mainly based on the theme of love and hate. Love is presented right from the start and perhaps the most obvious subject is different kinds of love that involved in this play. Shakespeare used the characters and imagery to portray courtly love, dutiful love and romantic love. Shakespeare used the relationship of Romeo and Rosaline, Paris and Juliet to present courtly love. Romeo is terribly in love with Rosaline but the love is not returned which turns out Romeo unrequited love to Rosaline. Shut up his windows, lock fair daylight out and makes himself an artificial night. (l, i, 134-135) The imagery made a depressed atmosphere, Shakespeare created a difference between light and dark, also portrayed the miserable and sorrowful feeling of Romeo. Same as Romeo, Paris loved Juliet very much. So will ye, I am sure, that you love me. (V, i, 26) Paris is accepted by Capulet and glad to marry Juliet but he doesnt know that Juliet is married to Romeo secretly by Friar Lawrence. Dutiful love is a major love that Shakespeare have presented throughout the play, specially in the Capulet family. Ill look to like, if looking liking move, but no more deep will I endart mine eye than you consent gives strength to make it fly. (l, iii, 99-101) Juliet have always been faithful and dutiful to her parents but became independent after meeting Romeo. Not proud you have, but thankful that you have. Proud can I never be of what I hate, But thankful even for hate that is meant love. (Ill, iii ii, 146-148) Shakespeare have presented dutiful love from Juliets words and sayings, he also contrasted the change of Juliets love to her parents before and after meeting Romeo. Parental love is a kind of dutiful love shown in Romeo and Juliet. Capulet and Lady Capulet wants their daughter to marry Paris Marry, my child, early next Thursday morn the gallant. young and noble gentleman, the county Paris, at Saint Peters Church, shall happily make thee there Joyful bride. (Ill, iiiii, 112-115) The loving parents arranged the marriage to lift out sorrow and to decide the best for Juliet, but unfortunately their love is not what Juliet expected. Shakespeare also used the presented love in the characters speeches. Shakespeare wrote romantic love in several levels. Shakespeare sets the lovers in to opposing families, therefore, the couple feels that things will go unsatisfactorily for them. Then true love of Romeo and Juliet then increased by the feud where Shakespeare included Tybalt to compared dutiful love and romantic love. In the end, Romeo and Juliet killed themselves due to the strong love they both felt for each other. From fatal the fatal loins of these two foes a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life (Chorus, prologue, 5-6) Shakespeare portrayed the two lovers as stars and also beauty and love of Juliet as sun It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair