Using a company as an example, explain the advantages and risks of Essay

Using a company as an example, explain the advantages and risks of green branding a product or service - Essay Example Green branding sometimes act as the unique selling proposition for a particular company or product. Green brands are actually the ones which are amongst the most sold products in the world and enjoy a better brand position (Fahey, 2007). Automobiles are considered as one of the major source of environmental pollution in the world. Therefore it has been the need of the hour to deliver something new to the customers that will be attractive as well as eco-friendly. Toyota is one company which has tried its best to be on the greener side. For instance, the launch of the first generation of hybrid car named Toyota Prius back in 1998 was a great effort made by the company to reduce carbon emission and even Camry, Estima, Alphard etc is considered among the green sub brands of Toyota and are the models of hybrid synergy drive technologies. Though, Toyota in itself is not environment friendly and all their cars are not among the green band wagons as the likes of Avensis and Celica. But a conscious effort on the part of Toyota is made to change their image. The change has been highly appreciable among the people, which reflect in their sales records (Bruner, n.d.). Toyota started thinking of the environmental concerns way back in the year 1993 when it first drafted its action plan. In recent times, one of the major steps taken by Toyota towards the green branding of their company is by the formation of the Fourth Environmental Action Plan in the year of 2005. It was a vision of Toyota for the year 2006 to the year 2010 to develop a recycling based society. It was a long term oriented goal which emphasised more on the action plans which need to be undertaken for five years, so that it can bring about a considerable change in the year 2020 or at least by 2030. The company also aimed at becoming the global leader and the initiators of the total environmental change process.

Meaning of Life and Success Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Success Essay Extended Definition Essay Success The most Important thing In my life Is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success Is It the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or Is It simply achieving ones own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success Is, the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work high pay Jobs. But for me success means more han that. Success means to me have peace and love; also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over. To be sure, everybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Wthout peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you dont worry about anything that day; that is success for me, because the life is short, you dont have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves you and is always happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is uccess tor me. Additionally, success Is also something that Is viewed differently In the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal In life Is to eventually get married toa good wife and have many happy children and If I accomplished that, then I could view myself as having success. Lastly, meaning of success for me Is to enter the heaven after this life Is over. We know that life in this world is too short, and we dont know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer; do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the Ife hereafter. That means you enter the heaven for sure and that is big reward from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life; that means f you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner. In conclusion, I still agree with the Idea I presented: however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have eace and love in your whole life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter. Meaning of Life and Success BY elm12696 The most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving ones own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, the achievement of Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you you dont have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves uccess for me. Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a good wife and have many happy children and if I accomplished that, then I could Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you no dying after this life; that means if you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented: however according to the

Invisible Elements Of Spatial Ambience Design Cultural Studies Essay

Invisible Elements Of Spatial Ambience Design Cultural Studies Essay The visible and the invisible, the physical and the mental, these are the two main groups of elements which affect our perceptions toward a certain designated space ambience. The designers play a major part in it, and these days, it seems that some designers focus more on the aesthetic side of the creations, which fulfills the visible and physical parts for humans pleasures and desires, so what about the invisible and the mental parts? Arent they as important as the visible and physical parts for the design innovations? Design thinking, it is a design methodology by Tim Brown, who takes a human-centered approach, along with business and technology considerations of human behavior, needs and preferences, which demonstrates the practice of the important values bring out by the invisible and mental design innovation throughout the whole process of creating a new design with three main stages, inspiration, ideation and implementation. So what does it take to influence peoples perceptions, behaviors emotions? We see the things themselves; the world is what we see (Ponty, 1969). If we ask ourselves what is this WE, what SEEING is, and what the THING or WORLD is, we enter into a series of difficulties and contradictions. It is natural for human beings to be attuned to their surroundings. A physical environment affects various aspects of an individual: physically, emotionally, psychologically and socially. It defines individuality, coming to terms to the human side of our preferences and the choices we make. In design the designers choices, preferences and ideas are as important as the clients choices, preferences and ideas. In most cases if not all, the designer needs to come to the terms of the clients needs and wants. The distinction between the terms, needs and wants, is a way of describing the difference between what is that truly necessary for a persons activities against what a person asks for. When this happens the designer is actually creating that solution which answers the various requirements of a human-centered design. A term commonly used to describe human-centered design is called ambiance. What is ambiance? The general definition of ambiance is, a feeling, tone, character and atmosphere of the environment or surrounding influence; or the mood associated with a particular place, person, or thing. The look and feel of a space is highly relevant to the choices an individual makes in spatial design. This is where the visible and invisible concept in design comes in. Visible is what can be seen and noticed, invisible is what can be felt. These are two basic factors present in human-centered design. Interior Design is a world where creativity breeds innovation and tomorrows trends become todays styles. It is a career where art mingles with science to transform an architectural shell into a total environment (Haddad). These days, a lot of people practice on the visible side, concentrating more towards the physical aesthetics and form representation. Society lacks the attention to the invisible side, the emotional and psychological design elements. Architects and interior designers focus on designing dwellings, the form, structure and order of the space. We build these dwellings to satisfy most of our physical needs, pleasures and desires, but it seems that the more subtle, emotional and mental aspects of the space remain untouched. Perhaps a space is not just about the form and architecture. The elements of invisible design also need to be taken into consideration, which are the emotional and psychological design elements. As our basic needs increase with our standard of living, we expect experiences that are emotionally satisfying and meaningful. This will not be as simple as a single product; it will be complex combination of products, services, spaces and information. The process of spatial information visualization is shaped by various factors including interactive, perceptual, navigational as well as organizational and metaphorical aspects and as such requires an interdisciplinary approach (Buagajska, 2003). Thomas Edison created the light bulb and introduced it to the world. People perceived it as his main invention from the visible and physical aspects, but what was behind Edisons motive was that he understood the creation of the light bulb was a little more than just the surface result. His invention would be useless without the system of electric power and transmission to make it truly useful. His genius was his ability to perceive, not only the created device itself, but how people will use and innovate what he invented. And he worked with that approach, and gave a great contribution and consideration to users needs and preferences. Edisons approach was an early example of a methodology that influences the full range of innovation activities with a human-centered design philosophy. By this, it means that innovation is power driven by a detailed understanding, through direct observation, of what people want and need in their lives and what they like or dislike about the way particular products are made, packaged, marketed, sold, and supported (Brown, 2006). In the past, design has been treated as a downstream step in the development process the position where designers, who did not participate earlier role in the substantive work of innovation, had came along and put a beautiful wrapper around the idea. Undeniably, this move toward has inspired market growth in many areas by making new products and technologies aesthetically as well as attractive, and therefore more desirable to consumers or by enhancing brand perception through smart, evocative advertising and communication strategies. During the second half of the twentieth century, design had become more and more important competitive asset in, for example, the consumer electronics, automotive, and consumer packaged goods industries. But unlike the most others, it remained a late-stage add-on. Nowadays, rather than asking designers to create an already existed idea that is more attractive to consumers, the companies are asking them to create ideas that better and suitable to meet consumers needs and desires. The former role is well planned, and results in limited value creation; the final result is strategic, and it leads to dramatic new forms of value. Complexity is increased by the growing potential for personal customization. Do your own brand thinking can be seen especially in the communication cultures of youth groups. In the near future, the customer will be even more tightly linked to design processes (Koskinen, 2008). Let us take a few examples from the present. The personal ring tone, wallpaper and theme of a mobile phone is a classic example of personal customization. Some people go even further with engraved towels, pens and stationeries. In a nutshell, this paper will talk about how ambiance is not just seen through physical means and by just by having the space itself. Ambiance is more literally, through human perceptions, behaviors and emotions that the space will be filled up with life. Ambiance refers to the design of an environment via visual communications, lighting, colours, music to stimulate peoples perceptual and emotional responses and ultimately to affect their behavior and/or reaction. Many businesses have discovered the subtle benefits of developing atmospherics that complement other aspects of design and merchandise. The visible and the invisible, the physical and the mental, these are the two main groups of elements which affect our perceptions toward a certain designated space ambiance. The designers play a major part in it, and these days, it seems that designers focus more on the aesthetic side of the creations, which fulfills the visible and physical parts for a humans satisfaction and desires. So what about the invisible emotional and the mental aspects? Arent they as important as the visible and physical elements for design innovations? In this paper, it looks into the design thinking methodology, which is a design methodology lead by Tim Brown. Brown takes a human-centered approach, along with business and technological considerations for human behavior, needs and preferences, which demonstrates the practice of the important values brought out by the invisible and mental design innovation throughout the whole process of creating a new design, which comprises of three main stages: inspirat ion, ideation and implementation. In spatial design, ambiance of the space is generally created through the rooms function, the aesthetic of the space itself with object elements, including the primal elements within a space: staircase, floor, roof, wall, door, window, lighting, colour, tables, bed, chair, and furniture. If we are looking at it only through physical perception, the design would work just fine, because human emotion and the physical elements of design are connected. Things such as a designated space, structure, product or an image, forms and aesthetics are what we perceive in the first place of the physical phenomenon. A well-designed visual representation is needed. This representation can be seen as the expression of the physical ambiance design. All these design elements and methods do fulfill the needs for visible pleasure and desire, yet it seems that other important design elements are missing, not taken into consideration, or emphasized on much. These aspects are the invisible side, the mental and psychological perception from the users toward the ambiance within the space, and how they will perceive and express their behaviors and emotions. But ambiance doesnt exist just by having the space itself. Only through perceptions, behaviors and emotions can the space be filled up life. Architects and interior designers are not only designing to provide people with physical shelter, facilitate purpose and inspire sensory pleasure. Man-made structures tame the world for human habitation and understanding (Pallasmaa, 2008). The function of buildings and spaces should cater to the physical and mental well being of people. However, people have started to ask designers to create new ideas which suite and meet the clients needs. Their objectives have shifted away from just physical satisfaction and need. A rough idea would be the county jail. Its a place with the same environment and space layout for each individual bar space, but different kinds of criminals live in it. Each individual perceives the ambiance, behaviors and emotions of the space differently. Perhaps due to the individuals background, memories and experiences, it turns into different place in the end. For the criminals who have hope, they might take it as a turning point that gives them the chance to turn over a new leaf, so they might perceive the space as a confession box. For the criminals who have no hope, they might just take it as a daily routine, day after day, because they have no beliefs and confidence in themselves anymore, and dont see that there is a turning point or chance for them, sucking them deeper into the darkness. So in this paper, an exploration for the possibility of an ambiance design method that will create the positive benefits for both visible and invisible; physically and mentally designated space, which helps the well being of the people, is conducted. Another example would be how a restaurants design can affect peoples choice and preferences. A cosy and comfortably designed restaurant can give people the sense of serenity and tranquility while dining in. An upbeat and modern restaurant on the other hand may give people a certain lively and vibrant feel. It actually depends on peoples moods and preferences that whether they decide to dine in any of these restaurants. After looking at the outside of the restaurant and deciding to go in, and checking out the place before being seated, people look forward to how they are greeted. They will often go to an establishment before inviting business associates to dine, because not only does the restaurant need to make a good impression but so does them, so if the restaurant makes a unfavorable impression that would most likely reflect on myself as having bad taste. The next thing worth observing before ordering is the dà ©cor of the restaurant, does the theme stay consistent? After sitting down people check for cleanliness of the eating area, are the tables sticky or spotless? Is the server well groomed? And are the seats comfortable? Ambience has become a pivotal concern for tourism and hospitality managers worldwide. In an effort to improve the ambience, different groups of professionals are involved, in particular hospitality managers and outside experts, e.g. designers and architects. So how do we achieve a successful ambiance within a space, which is perceived by someones mental aspect, the invisible side? Ambiance design is not created by the designers only through the personal aspect, sense, experience and style, but molded together based on the understanding and knowledge that atmosphere has a multi-sensory effect on people. There is a new area of design, such as service design, user-centered design, interactive design, information design, and systems design which have become a new topic within the design field. Principles and disciplines such as sociology, psychology and medicine are entering the arena of design management process. With the supportive ideas and embrace how they bring philosophical considerations and anticipatory approach into design, which help to make up for the shortage of the invisible and mental design elements of a designated space or product. In order to achieve such a result, collaborative relationships are the main factor in the appro ach. To achieve the finest result, the process involves a wide range of fields, such as industrial design, interior design, graphic design, service design, information design, systems design, interactive design, user-centered design, light design, soundscape and scentscape design. Thinking like a designer can transform the way you develop products, services, processes-and even strategy (Brown, 2006). Tim Brown is the CEO and president of IDEO, a company associated with clients such as Daimler Chrysler, Microsoft, Motorola, Pepsi, Procter Gamble and Steelcase. Recently he joined the Advisory Council of Acumen fund, a global organization provides a not-for-profit service for improving the lives of the poor. He has won numerous design awards and has held exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Axis Gallery in Tokyo and the Design Museum in London. All that should not be part of the essay, but the reference. IDEO is an innovation and design firm from the USA, where designers exercise on design thinking methodology through three main stages: Inspiration, Ideation and Implementation. This discipline uses the designers sensibility and methods to meet peoples needs with what is technology phenomenon and what a practical business strategy can convert into customer value. A good design thinker doesnt work alone, so IDEO is a company that employs engineers, marketers, anthropologists, industrial designers, architects and psychologists. By thinking of people first in their approach, design thinkers can see potential problems, imagine the solutions for all intents and purposes, meet the needs, and observe the things that others dont. Designers then use their insight to apply and inspire innovation. This supports the idea I have for designing a space ambiance by emphasizing on the mental perception. One of their projects which benefits a company was the large health care provider, Kaiser Permanente, which was seeking a possibility to improve the overall quality of both patients and medical practitioners experiences. So in order to inspire the practitioners, the new concepts, techniques, and ideas of the design thinking method are taught to the nurses, doctors and administrators. Both Kaiser and IDEO teams participated in the workshops, which led to the innovations. During the first stage of the project, they acknowledged a number of issues and problems of the nurse shift routine, and one of their main objectives became redesigning the shift changes at the four Kaiser hospitals. They spent the first 45 minutes of each shift for a debriefing about the status of patients in their nurses station. Their original methods of communicating information, such as data exchanges, were different within their four hospitals. Exchanges varied wildly from recorded dictation to face-to-face conv ersations. From there, health professionals tried to compile the information which they needed, and quickly noted them down on any available piece of paper. Doing so made the information inaccessible, which lead to the nurses often failing to learn some of the things which are important to the patients. Administrators had learned that there were many patients that felt a lack in their care after each shift changed. This is a negative act that shouldnt happened in the healthcare industry, because it might lead the patients to the kind of perception towards the hospital that, the sight of the environment they are staying at is attractive, but the memory of their use is negative. Therefore, that is why we should be focusing on the importunateness for being cautious and attentive towards the process of both invisible, mental design elements within a space. By observing these important issues, the teams explored possible solutions through brainstorming and prototyping. Prototypes work efficiently only with investments in time, effort and funding. A positive idea could be generated through useful feedback, and prototyping allows it to be done on a small scale so that they could learn about the strengths and weaknesses of the idea, and to adjust and modify for a better direction. Their solution was to merge shift changes with nurses passing on the information in front of the patient rather than at the nurses station, which saves time and errors. With this new system implemented together with some simple software, the nurses were able to call up the data information from the previous shift notes and edit patients information throughout a shift rather than rushing at the end to pass it on, which minimized the possibility of errors. The results were positive, and showed that the new method saves time on preparation, provides better knowledge through information transfers and a better informed healthcare staff taking care of patients. Kaiser saw the potential impact of this whole new idea and system and applied human-centered design methodology, which created a small process innovation that produced a massive impact. They found that time management had improved in efficiency, which added a huge amount of nursing time across the four hospitals, as well as affect t he quality of the nurses work experience, adding invisible value to both nurses and patients, satisfying both groups. Kaiser and IDEO accomplishments didnt happen instantly overnight. They put in a lot of time and hard work into the project by using a creative human-centered discovery process followed by numerous cycles of prototyping, testing and adjustment. The process is best described as a symbolic system of spaces rather than a series of fixed steps. Then whole space was designed for different activities which together form the innovation. The result might not be perceived in a short term, and this method might take a longer time to see the intended results, and it is very true that, in order to have a long lasting emotional feelings, it takes time to develop; as they come from sustained interaction. So the main key is patience, determination and observation. Edisons approach was an example of what now we called the design thinking, a method which improves the innovation activities with human-centered design approach, which is driven by fully understanding, through observation, of what people r eally need in their lives, their likes and dislikes toward certain things, along with business and technological considerations. When the process includes research based on direct observation, it leads to unexpected insights and inspirations to process the best solutions for the consumers. Throughout the whole process, it actually achieves the invisible and mental designs areas significantly through the design thinking innovation methodology, making it so that not only the patients receive the benefits, but also the nurses working in the hospitals. For the patients, they get full attention from the nurses and satisfaction for both physical and mental pleasure while staying in the hospital. The nurses will gain positive experiences, and the positive feedback will lead to better attitudes toward their job, creating an optimistic positive working environment at the same time In 2004, IDEO was invited to collaborate on another new project with Shimano, a Japanese manufacturer of bicycle components, which was facing a flattened growth in its sales in USA. Shimanos intention was to introduce their high-end casual bike to a new area of consumers who are potentially worth exploring. During the initial inspiration stage, teams were formed from both Shimano and IDEO, comprised of designers, behavioral scientists, marketers and engineers, who worked to explore appropriate potential solutions and constraints. They decided to focus on other areas as well rather than just sticking on the high-end market. They started with searching on the statistics and facts, and found that 90% of American adults dont ride bikes, so they continue the research and try to find out why. They put in a lot of effort into surveying different kinds of consumers, and found that most of them had ridden a bike during their childhood, and had positive memories. One surprising thing they foun d out was that many Americans are intimidated by cycling today for a few reasons: the retail experience, the high cost of the bikes, accessories, hidden dangers of cycling on the road, and the maintenance fees. After gathering all the information they received, which were collected and summarized using the human-centered exploration method, it led to the realization that their new created category of bicycling might be able to solve the problems of reconnecting the consumers with their childhood and at the same time to dealing with the intimidation of cycling on the road. By using the design thinking methodology and cooperates with human-centered design method, the design team looked into every aspect to foresee the possibilities, and came up with the concept of Coasting, a way to enjoy life. This is designated more for the pleasure than for sports. It is featured with comfort padded seats, easy operation and minimal maintenance. Trek, Raleigh and Giant are three major brand bike manufacturers that benefitted from the research. They cooperated and invented new bikes together with Shimano by applying the same methods they used. But the design team didnt stop exploring and searching for opportunities from other areas. In order to complete this whole concept, which they are trying to publicize, they designed a public relations campaign which cooperated with local governments and cycling organizations, providing the bikers with identified safe places to ride. Design thinking was the key to come to this complete solution, and of course, for the visible, ae sthetic part of the bikes was created later on in the development process, a reference design to inspire the bike companies own design teams. After the successful launch in 2007, seven more bicycle manufacturers signed up to produce Coasting bikes in 2008. They were successful due to that; they created breakthrough ideas that were inspired through the understanding of peoples lives and what they really need and implemented the principles of design in order to create and adding more values not only for the visible, physical part, as well as the invisible, mental part for needs, desires and pleasures. By doing so, it is very possible that one of the main reasons is that, the innovation of creating the bike actually brings them back to the childhood, reliving fond and happy memories. Here are some examples of current architects who have been working on the relevant practices. Peter Eisenman is famous of his impenetrable paper architecture and writing. His works have been distinguishable buildings have been identified as anti-architecture, He spent quite a period of time exploring how to create a building that would be unencumbered by the expectations by doing away with the order of the contextual baggage or a program. Eisenman has been at the front of the Deconstructivist movement in architecture, linguistic, psychoanalysis and literary theory to analyse the apparent objectivity and unity of Modernism and reveal the subjective human desires beneath. Fig 1 The overall view of Holocaust Memorial. Fig 2 The pathway inside the Holocaust Memorial. One of his inspiring works would be the Holocaust Memorial, Berlin 2005, which is also known as Memorial to the Murdered Jews of European, it is a memorial of the Jewish victims and other victims of the Holocaust. 19,000 square meter throughout the whole site, a total of 2,711 concrete slabs, seems randomly, has the entire site covered. Some of the concrete slabs lay low to the ground, others stood upright. There is an gallery located at underground, where it displays the names of all the Jewish Holocaust victims because, there are no names or marks on the above ground. However, it relies on the emotional response from each of the visitors, in order to get the message. Its just like other good public places, this memorial is designed with multi functions. It provides its visitors with places to sit around. It is a place of amazement, as children and adults, climb around from column to column, but at the same time, it is also a place of reflection and remembrance. But in the end, it is a place where each of the visitor is confronted with their own emotions and look within themselves to perceive their surroundings. Human-centered design can work well for the workplaces, as the cultural has changed, the focus to the workers well-being has been noticed. Theres a rise to interesting experiments in architecture. As mentioned before, by having the psychologists, sociologists, architects and engineers aiming to optimize productivity in human resources. Buildings should no longer design as huge boxes, but in order to begin at assuring workers psycho-physical comfort. For example, interior space is organised in an open, flexible fashion which may be modified to suit users needs. Steven Holls Het Oosten office, Amsterdam, 2000 is one of the best to describe it. Fig 3 The cafeteria. Fig 4 Het Oosten office during night time. Fig 5 Exterior view of Het Oosten office, A 50,000 square meter brick warehouse, it has been entirely renovated and expanded in order to create this new building. By using the local resources, it fits comfortably into its natural context. The interior has strong emotions with its vibrant hues, designing with the light: the regular square cut windows light up with colour lights reflected in the water of the canal during the night. Emotion-laden physical space brings the improvement on quality of life by combining work, entertainment and environment for human well being. His design characterizes an architecture attention to emotional needs and the invisible elements within a space, by dedicating his designs through understanding their surroundings. Steven Holls work wants to open up our human experience to the possibility of questioning the University of Technological Space and its inhumanity, questioning the state of technology as an absolute truth. He offers the alternative of a poetic vision of life which does not propose an arbitrary but the demystification of the very forces which have been demystifying our sense of humanity through positivist reason for the last two centuries. Another view that exists out there which talks about human-centered designn is called, ambience design. Ambience design represents a new kind of design culture; it could even be said that it represents a change of paradigm. Ambience designs working culture is transdisciplinary. The one major innovation of ambience design is that designers from different working areas communicate with researchers. As such, ambience design is not built on the personal touch and style of the designer, but is based on the knowledge of the effect which a multi-sensory environment or atmosphere has on people. In effect, know-how in an ambience design project is developed through interaction with professionals and researchers from various science and business branches. Then the research results are accurately documented using various types of media. This school of thought develops and moves our visually emphasized design culture towards becoming a more multi-sensory design environment. It does this by using the language of shapes, sound landscapes, odour worlds, textured contact surface, light and colour worlds and even the world of taste (this is by no means an all-inclusive list). Ambience design also means new forms of distinguishing and recognizing: fresh methods utilizing our multi-sensory abilities. This involves scent signs, sound logos and designed lights and colours as symbols of organization identity. Ambience design combines spatial design and the means of of multi-sensory communication. It also talks about atmosphere design, i.e. by affecting people through the creation of a psychophysical entirety. In practice this means laying stress on experiences and phenomenology. Ambience design utilizes smart environments and materials at the same time. The use of these is aimed at increasing interaction in mediated and social environments. Fig 6 the Baron House by John Pawson, Sweden, 2005. When people see photos of my work, they sometimes say they are misleading theres nothing in them, no furniture, etc but they are meant to stimulate you to think, use your imagination, and project your own ideas. (Pawson, 2005). The central themes of ambience design are adjustability and adjustment. These themes are connected with the changing and transformable communicational identity of different rooms and brands. For example, rooms become more usable when individual people or groups are given a chance to adjust them according to their changing needs. Spaces are designed with simple, clean aesthetic, so that they can be personalized, and for the users to inject in with their perceptions, emotions and behaviors freely. Ambience design utilizes narration, dramaturgy and the competence of drama experts. The challenge is the changing narratives related to spaces, with dramaturgical and multi-sensory applicability, and a link to, say, GIS systems. Ambience design can be connected to brand building. At its best, ambience design management will become part of the brand management process. Multi-sensory marketing, which uses things such as distinctive sounds and odours, can be employed in brand development more than ever before. The advantage of ambience design is that it connects multi-sensory interior design to multisensory marketing and communications. This idea by Koskinen is ethically and environmentally aware. All activities are guided by an ethic code. A key objective of the ambience design team is to increase the well-being of people through transdisciplinary design and research. The future of design is human-centred, ecologically aware and ethically-oriented (Koskinen, 2008). Ambience design, was first developed in Finland long before Martin Lindstrom touched the theme in his Sense Branding (2004). Internationally, however, the concept was not introduced until the summer of 2005 in a paper presented in the HAAHAMA conference, Ambience Design: Creating

Magical Realism: A Fusion of Dream and Reality Essay -- Literature Ess

Magical Realism: A Fusion of Dream and Reality Franz Roh originally coined the term magical realism as pertaining to art, magical realism also evolved as a form of literary writing that began in the Latin and Central American countries. Magical realism is an amalgamation of the real and unreal, a fusion of dream and reality, and confusion within clarity. Magical realism became known for changing the way in which one thinks. Instead of seeing the ordinary and mundane, the Magical Realist brings a spark of life to the imagination that in turn enlightens the reader on a whole new level of thinking. As magical realism was defined as confusion within clarity, so is the world of probability. Magical Realism is a fusion of dream and reality, an amalgamation of realism and fantasy, and a form of expression that is reality based with several fantastic elements that are regarded as normal by both the readers and the characters. This definition is the simplest way in which Magical Realism can be described. Magical Realism is also known for showing a different viewpoint on life and the...

Description of Nicaraguan Photo

Roosevelt Campbell Professor Finnegan English 111 (009) 7 October 2012 The death of the young man in the Nicaraguan war The photograph by Koen Wessing, â€Å"Nicaragua† (1970) shows a group of people around a dead body on a torn up street in a tragic scene. In the foreground, lies a dead young man on a bumpy road covered with a white sheet, looks like an army boot on one foot sticking out. In the foreground, at the head of the body blood stains are noticeable. A woman who seems to be the young man’s mother walks right up to the body, holding up a sheet to her mouth, and starts to shed tears.In the background four people stand in the street, who appear to be family members or friends of the deceased. A man, who seems to be the boy’s father or uncle, walks behind the body towards the mother. He does not confront or look at the body, with his head down and his hands together in front of him at his waist as a sign of grief. Behind the man, a friend of the family star es at the body with a handkerchief to her nose, protecting her from the stench. Alongside her is a family member who is partially hidden by the man.Only a little part of her hair, arms and legs are visible. A family member also stares at the body with a sheet wrapped across her arm. I also notice that behind these people is graffiti on the door of a building which says â€Å"FSLN† which stands for Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (Spanish). In English, this means Sandinista National Liberation Front which is a social democratic party in Nicaragua. On that same building I can see holes on a building behind the group of people maybe they are bullet holes, from the gun when they fired at the young man.Look like there is even a spent shell to the left of the head of the body. In this photo by Koen Wessing, it indicates how the family members and friends have been affected by the death of the young man, not only them but how the country as a whole has been deeply affected with the deaths and destructions which have been taking place in the country, seemed to have been caused by a war. Koen Wessing portrays how war destroys families and the struggle that people in this scene and the whole country has to go through.When looking at the young man’s mother, family members and friends, you can see by their facial expression and body language that they’re broken down mentally by the death of the young man, which deeply affects them. This can cause problems such as depression and anger. This can even continue to affect them later on in the future. To my assumption he may have been brutally murdered by Somoza’s National Guard (opposition to the Sandinistas), because of his affiliation with the Sandinistas, and he may not have been the only innocent person to be killed by them, so there would have been other families affected by this turmoil.This war has not only affected the people but the country’s infrastructure as well such as t he roads and buildings that were demolished. Homes might have also been wrecked leaving people homeless which might cause them and their children to be sleeping without a roof over their head which is not healthy. Some businesses may have been shut down, and with no businesses, people would be out of jobs and as a result of this, they wouldnot being able to provide for their family. Schools also might have been closed and this would have deeply affected the educational progress of the students and affect them in the future.In conclusion, this photo clearly states the suffering the people and the country as a whole had to go through, and how the dead are left to remind the people of fear and sadness. This image illustrates the devastating effect that a war can have on the people and its country. Koen Wessing is telling us that a war can cause a lot of problems in a country and it would be very difficult to reestablish all the aspects which have been affected. Works Cited Koen, Wessin g. Nicaragua. 1970. Photograph. English 111 Course Page. Web.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn- essays "I says to myself, I reckon a body that ups and tells the truth when he is in a tight place is taking considerable many resks, though I ain't had no experience and I can't say for certain;but it looks so to me, anyway..." spoken by the young protagonist Huckleberry Finn in the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. He's dishonest but at least he's honest about it. This is an example of dramatic irony found throughout the novel. The novel follows the adventures of a young boy Huck and a run away slave named Jim as they take a flight down the Mississippi River. Along the way they have many adventures that include the boarding of a nearly sunken steam boat of the Walter Scott, the bitter mockery of Mark Twain towards the authors of romantic novels. Thay also have adventures on land, which to name a few includes a feud among families, mobs, and even the circus. Throughout the novel, Mark Twain pokes fun at religion, wealth, royalty, death, and the ignorance of people usi ng satirical language and dramatic irony. Along the route Huck and Jim are separated from one another. Huck comes upon the house of the Grangerfords, a wealthy family that takes him in after they find that he does not belong to the Shepherdson family. Buck, who befriends Huck on his visit, tells of the Grangerford Shephardson feud. Buck explains the Grangerfords and Shepherdsons have been feuding so long "they don't know now what the row was in the first place." The introduction of the two families gives Twain the oppurtunity to burlesque the "Southern Code of Chivalry." The Grangerfords house shows a tasteless display of wealth. Huck's appreciation of the decorations just adds to the humor of the novel. Mark Twain also uses these families to emphasize the satire of religion."Next Sunday we all went to church...the man took thier guns along , so did Buck, and kept them between their kneesor stood them handy against the wall, the Shepherd...

The Meaning of Frictional Unemployment

The Meaning of Frictional Unemployment Frictional unemployment is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations- in other words, unemployment that arises because most people dont enter into a new job immediately after exiting an old one (voluntarily or involuntarily). Frictional unemployment is not thought to be a big problem from a policy standpoint because it is entirely reasonable that people would take some time to find a job that is a good match rather than take the first opportunity that comes along.   Technology that helps to match workers with jobs and streamline the interview and hiring process most likely result  in the amount of frictional unemployment that exists in an economy. Terms related to Frictional Unemployment: UnemploymentCyclical UnemploymentStructural Unemployment You Might Also Be Interested In: Would 0% Unemployment Be a Good Thing?Globalization, Unemployment, and Recessions. What is the Link?Types of Unemployment Journal Articles on Frictional Unemployment: Information and Frictional UnemploymentMobility Costs, Frictional Unemployment, and EfficiencyJob Quitting and Frictional Unemployment

Take Home Exam Spring Essay Example

Take Home Exam Spring Essay Example Take Home Exam Spring Essay Take Home Exam Spring Essay The Case of Chris Cunningham Elizabeth Stoves was the president of Stoves Industries, an amalgamation of several small companies in the electrical parts industry. She and her husband had inherited part of the group from her father-in-law, and Stoves, an engineer, elected to run the company while her husband pursued a separate career as a dental surgeon. In addition to the inheritance, Stoves had purchased three other companies to create the present Stoves Industries. Only 31 years old, Stoves was a dynamic individual, full of ideas and drive. In he period of one year, she made Stoves Industries into a profitable organization known for its aggressiveness. Stoves integrated the four companies into a unified organization by merging the individual management groups into one unit. Some individuals in each organization lost their jobs at the time of purchase, and, in other instances, executives of the newly purchased companies resigned because of difficulties in working for such a young and driving boss. The four plants continued as individual man picturing units of the company, and together employed approximately 475 production workers. Problems arose in integrating the sales staffs, because the original companies had competed with each other, and, the sales clerks had overlapping territories. This was gradually being worked out; but the salespeople were permitted to keep their own pre-existing customers, which made it difficult TTT assign exclusive territories to each salesperson. The sales staff included 17 sales representatives and the director, who had been with the original Stoves company as sales manager. He knew Elizabeth Stoves well and was a trusted lieutenant, but served as little more than formal head of the sales force. He voted most of his time and energy to routine direction and coordination o the sales team. Stoves herself provided the active leadership. Stoves herself hired the 18th and newest sales representative, Chris Cunningham, who had been one of Stoves college classmates. Cunningham shared some of Stoves drive and enthusiasm to succeed and soon justified Stoves choice with a sensational sales record. Despite this sales success, Cunningham represented a thorny problem for Stoves. She described the problem in the following fashion: l hired Chris because we knew and admired each other in our college days. Chris was always a leader on campus, and we had worked well together in campus affairs. Chris was just the kind of person I wanted in this organizationa lot of drive and originality, combined with tremendous Loyola The way I operate, I need a loyal organization of people who will pitch right IR on the projects we develop. Chris has already been proven a top-notch performer and will probably be our best salesperson in a year or two. Could one ask for anything better than that? Here is where the problem comes in. Chris is the sort of person who has absolutely no respect for organization. A hot order will come in, for example, and Chris will go straight to the plant with it and raise hell until that order is delivered. It does not make any difference that our production schedule has been knocked to pieces. The order is out, and Chris has a satisfied customer. Of course, that sort of thing gets repeat business and does show well on Chris sales record. However, it has made running our plants a constant headache. Production staff are not the only people who felt Cunningham impact on operations. Chris gets mixed up with our engineering department on new designs and as even made the purchasing department furious by pressuring them to hurry supplies on special orders. You can just imagine how the rest of the organization feels about all this. The other salespeople are pretty upset that their orders get pushed aside-?and are probably a bit jealous, too. The production people, the engineers, the purchasing agent, and most of the rest of the staff have constantly complained to me about how Chris irritates them. On a personal level, the staff say they like Chris a lot but that they just cannot work with such a troublemaker in the organization. Eave talked with Chris many times about this. I have tried raising hell over the issue, pleading for change, and patient and rational discussion. For maybe a week after one of these sessions, Chris seems like a reformed character, everyone relaxes a bit, and then bangfew go again in the same old pattern. Suppose that in many ways Chris is just like mel must admit I would probably be inclined to act in much the same way. You see, have a lot of sympathy for Chris point of view. Hank you can see now what my problem is. Should I fire Chris and lose a star salesperson? That does not make too much sense. In fact, Chris is probably the person who should be our sales director, if not immediately at least in a few years. But without the ability to get along with the organization, to understand the meaning of channels and procedures, Chris is not only a valuable and talented addition to the company, but a liability as well. Should I take a chance on things eventually working out and Chris getting educated to the organization? Should put on a lot of pressure and force a change?

Advertising and Its Drivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertising and Its Drivers - Essay Example So exactly what is an advertisement or what can we understand by the term advertisement. Their have been different views regarding the concept of advertisement. According to John Burnett, "Advertisement is a non-personal communication of marketing related information to a target audience, usually paid by the advertiser and delivered through mass media in order to reach specific objective of sponsor". However according to the critic of advertising, Judith Williamson (1978, p.57) states that it's "the most ubiquitous form in which we encounter commercial photography" which means advertising is the 'official art' of the advanced industrial nation of the west. (Hackley, 2005)It occupies the newspapers and is covered all over with urban environment, it is highly systematize organization involving many artist, writer and film directors, and consist of a large amount of output of the mass media. Advertisements promote and affect the idea and value which are crucial to a particular economy s ystem. Thus a good advertisement is that, which we should not lose interest in their ideological functions, which is connected to their economic functions (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Another definition by (Longman, 1971) 'Advertising attempts to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication'. Therefore in its simple sense the word 'advertising' means capturing the attention to something or telling or advising somebody of something. (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Thus advertising can be seen as a medium for communicating or providing knowledge to the customers from a recognized authority or person. This range of activities also qualifies as marketing communication or marcoms. KEY DRIVERS OF MARCOMS ACTIVITIES Perception: Creating Shopping Power When something has been perceived, then it has been noted and the message is recorded. In the words of psychologist, W. H. Ittelson and F. T. Kilpatrick, perception can't be definite, of 'what is'. Rather what we perceive is created by ourselves, which is mostly based on past experiences (Bogart, 1995). Also people's perceptions of brand are governed by some factors which are personal and public (Fletcher, 1999 p.163). It is one of important challenges for an advertiser trying to reach the customers, either by any form of mass communication like newspaper, or television ad so that they could notice it. Even sometimes the consumer miss out some messages directed to them. So the main thing is to give them exposure. (Wells, Burnett and Moriarty1992, p. 241). For example if all the ads are in colors then a black and white will be noticed, which is what Chanel did with their Nicole Kidman glossy ad for Chanel Perfume which would be place at the back cover of magazines like Cosmopolitan so as to give covert instead of ostensive communication. So by this the customers attention can be taken. (Hackley, 2005) This can be seen in the use of a ground breaking issue to position an advertisement. An example of this may be found in the 'Torches of Liberty Contingent' campaign aimed at expanding cigarette sales manifold by encouraging women to smoke. This campaign was launched and executed by Bernays in 1929. He was inspired by Sigmund Freud's view that actions are crystallised by the subconscious motivations. Another line of thought that he followed was based on the theory of psychoanalyst Brill, who held that women equated smoking as an expression of their freedom. Bernays campaign prompted women to start smoking during the Easter Day parade of 1929. While this enjoyed mixed reactions and extensive media reactions, the combination of liberation and democracy - both of which were emerging trends of the time - helped Barnays earn a place in history besides

The Role of HR as Business Partners in Impementation of Change Essay

The Role of HR as Business Partners in Impementation of Change Management Strategy - Essay Example It is seen that the HR is not involved as a partner and its participation is not sought at the need assessment or change planning and development stage. The HR’s resources and skills are used only as means or tools for implementing the trainings and conducting the evaluation post the change. The research highlights the fact that the organizations are missing out on using the potential of HR to contribute significantly at the planning, implementation and transition phases of change management. The research concludes with making recommendations to involve the HR in providing basic inputs and direction to planning, and autonomy and empowernment during implementation, transition and evaluation phases. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Methods 1.4 Outline of Chapters 1.5 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Concept of Change Management 2.3 Introduction to the Role of HR in Change M anagement 2. 4 Human Resources and Change Management 2. 5 Employee Involvement and HR during Change 2. 6 Challenges Faced by HR during Change Management 2. 7 Tools and Strategies that would help HR facilitate the change in a better way 2. 8 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample 3.4.2 Data Collection Instrument 3.4.3 Data Collection Method 3.4. 4 Data Analysis Method 3.4.5 Validity and Reliability 3.4. 6 Ethical Considerations 3.4.7 Summary Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings 4.2.1 Changes in the Market Environment in the Past Five Years 4.2.2 Threats and Opportunities Due to the Changed Business Environment 4.2.3 Assessment of Internal Needs To Change 4.2.4 HR’s Role in the Need Assessment Phase 4.2.5 Challenges Faced By HR during the Need Assessment Stage 4.2.6 HR’s Role in the Changement Management Process 4.2.6.1 Planning 4.2.6.2 I mplementation 4.2.6.3 Transition 4.2.6.4 Evaluation 4.2.7 Challenges Faced and Strategies Employed for the Change Management Process 4.2.7.1 Challenges To HR 4.2.7.1.1 Implementation 4.2.7.1.2 Transition 4.2.7.1.3 Evaluation 4.2.7.2Strategies Used by HR 4.2.8 Reflections on the Role of HR in the Change Management Process 4.2.9 Summary Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Summary of Findings 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Research Limitations and Scope of Future Research List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Changes in the Market Environment in the Past Five Years Table 2: External Environment Changes Related Threats and Opportunities Figure 1: HRs Role During Implementation Phase of Change Management References The Role of HR as Business Partners in Implementation of Change Management Strategy Chapter 1: Introduction 1.2 Introduction and Background The modern day business environment has become extremely dynamic and increasingly complex because of the huge transition from a local to a global marketplace. As the world has become a smaller place because of rapid technological advancement, the competition has been increasing continuously; the management is under constant pressure to improve the performance by lowering the cost of operations and improving efficiency, productivity and logistics. Hence, the organizations are invariably forced to rethink their strategies and realign their mode of operations to be able to meet the challenges and to provide the right response to the customers as well as to their

Stratgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stratgy - Essay Example The available work force and resources is the most essential asset to attain the set objectives (Trapczynski & Thomas, 91). Therefore, the company focus on preserving the health and safety of employees remains a crucial part in every phase of the business operations. The aim of the memo is to provide a strategy plan for the company to the CEO for one and ten years’ time. The company has been operational for a few years and has managed to attain tremendous progress. Establishing a memo to the CEO,that highlight the company’s strategic plan for one and ten years’ time will provide an essential blue print forplanning future global operations. Colorado Company’s international goal: To reach a diverse market segment and become a dominant leader in the fast growing Applied Control Equipment industry Strategy 1:Colorado Company to attain the set global plan of gaining a diverse market segment will require more resource allocation within china and other targeted a reas abroad. In one year, the company will require to open up new branches locally in China to attain its set goals. The business environment in China is appealing to investors due to existing and emerging opportunities. The company opening up new branches will provide a platform for increasing returns. The company to attain maximum possible returns would need to employ business strategies that align to the prevailing competitive forces. This will ensure Colorado Company optimizes on the existing opportunities to attain its potential. The company strengthening its position locally in the Chinese market would be an added advantage of expanding globally. The Chinese business environment is diverse thus capturing the wide market segment will guarantee maximum exploitation of the existing opportunities. Different business environments have varying traditions and culture. The company carrying out studies regarding the safety practices, as well as, priorities in the different markets will be pivotal in designing effective business practices. China offers a diverse market hence easier to emulateothermarkets abroad. In one year, the company needs to have penetrated the local market through business practices that align to the prevailing conditions. The company capturing a significant market share would guarantee more revenue for expansion purpose. The company has a culture of creating products that relate to the various business environments. This is an advantage for a company operating on a global level, as it can attract customers from different heritages that still recognize their roots (Trapczynski & Thomas, 99). In ten years’ time, the company will have established itself in both local and global market for it would have understood the diverse cultures. Objective 1: To attain a significant market share both locally and globally. Understanding the different business cultures in the emerging market will be crucial in employing relevant business practices tha t would enhance the potential of the company. In one year, the company needs to strengthen its position locally to enhance its potential. This will provide an appropriate platform for expanding globally over the next ten years period to increase its market share. Strategy 2: Colorado Company creating competitive advantage features through employing an innovative strategy to enhance product quality and customer satisfaction. The success of the company is based on a production

2 seperate reaction papers on 2 to a multi-cultural education articles Essay

2 seperate reaction papers on 2 to a multi-cultural education articles - Essay Example The essay explains the highly contrasted difference between the history of the African nations and the literacy taught in the schools that were dominated by the Portuguese colonists since their rise as a sea and trading power. The authors point out the African backlash against an education system that had been established by the colonists and the resulting negative impact on literacy. Literacy carries with it much more than just the language. It provides the historical color and national identity of the population. The struggles of a people against oppression, invaders, or a colonizing force cannot be placed in the language of the colonizers. In the African colonies, all remnants of Portuguese history, geography, culture, and colonial ideology were purged from the literacy in an effort to create a school system with an African mentality (p.194). Still, once a language has reached dominance it can be destructive to eliminate all traces of it when there is no alternative for replacemen t. This is equivalent to an African-American that rebels against the dominance of the white culture, but is left with no adequate language, and little literacy, for self-expression. The problem of developing literacy pedagogy, measuring literacy, and developing a school curriculum, is based on the contentious and interpretive definition of literacy. The English speaking developed countries have held a traditional view that a student must be well read to be successful in academics. This often meant reading standardized texts based on English classics or the writings of Greek and Roman philosophers. These texts have little relevance to a multicultural classroom setting where history, social class, and culture play an integral part of education. In the lower grades, the educational system will set a goal of literacy and use a standard that requires the basic ability to read and write in the

Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Case study - Research Paper Example The attending physician decided to put her to sleep by administering sedative. Not wanting to give sedative for fears of developing addiction, the doctor advised Angel’s parents to consult a psychologist. During the talk with the psychologist, the couple narrated that their daughter only manifested this reaction once, a day after they came back from the hospital because Angel was confined when she sprained her left ankle due to a biking accident. The couple also reported that their daughter had previous episodes of being tachypnic upon the sight of injection and fainting shortly afterwards, even after the administration of shot. The couple thought these were because of Angel’s diabetes, and did not pay any attention to them. Because of Angel’s young age, the pain might be the major contributing and the primary factor for her trypanophobia (Deacon and Abramowitz, 2006). However, the fear of fainting might have exacerbated the condition, and may have made the fear of needles more life-threatening (Du et al., 2008). Because of this, it is the fear of pain that should be important to be addressed first. Angel might have been classically conditioned of experiencing pain with her every injection. The classical conditioning theory suggests that the fear of needles is actually a protective response against pain. In this scenario, the elicited response is fear. The unconditioned stimulus causing fear is when Angel feels pain, and the conditioned stimulus is the sight of syringes. Thus, after classical conditioning, Angel already associates pain with the syringes, and thus fears seeing syringes already (Scott, 2009). To reverse the fear brought about by classical conditioning, a classical extinction should be performed. In this method, the unconditioned stimulus, which is pain, should be unlinked to the sight of the syringes. This can be performed by vicarious learning approach, in which Angel will learn not to fear the syringe by looking at

Culture diversity in Chinese hospitality industry Essay

Culture diversity in Chinese hospitality industry - Essay Example The BRIC countries are seen as the most attractive business markets of these times. These countries consist of Brazil, Russia, India and china. Thus, this is also one of the reasons why hospitality industry is at the rise in the Chinese market at the moment. However, whether it’s a foreign or local set-up, it is important that the hotels have a diverse workforce as cultural diversity makes it easier for them to cater to people from various backgrounds who visit the country.  Ã‚  With 80 million travelers in 2012, China exceeded US and Germany in becoming the largest source of travellers in the world, depicting the trend of growth of the market. That being said the Chinese market itself has been identified as the key markets for innovation where high end and middleclass hotels are expected to consolidate, budgeting options to become more innovative and sophisticated hospitality needs be catered to increasingly through the expansion of international chains to establish resorts and recreational arenas. The government of china has also highlighted tourism as one of the major growth sectors in its five years plans and facilitates foreign investment in the tourism sector by offering real estate discounts, tax exemptions and priority approvals for their set-up (Atkearney.com, 2013). With a focus on tourism, the country is bound to attract people belonging to diverse backgrounds from the world over.in order to cater to their needs on a better manner, it is important for the hospitality industry in China.

2 seperate reaction papers on 2 to a multi-cultural education articles Essay

2 seperate reaction papers on 2 to a multi-cultural education articles - Essay Example The essay explains the highly contrasted difference between the history of the African nations and the literacy taught in the schools that were dominated by the Portuguese colonists since their rise as a sea and trading power. The authors point out the African backlash against an education system that had been established by the colonists and the resulting negative impact on literacy. Literacy carries with it much more than just the language. It provides the historical color and national identity of the population. The struggles of a people against oppression, invaders, or a colonizing force cannot be placed in the language of the colonizers. In the African colonies, all remnants of Portuguese history, geography, culture, and colonial ideology were purged from the literacy in an effort to create a school system with an African mentality (p.194). Still, once a language has reached dominance it can be destructive to eliminate all traces of it when there is no alternative for replacemen t. This is equivalent to an African-American that rebels against the dominance of the white culture, but is left with no adequate language, and little literacy, for self-expression. The problem of developing literacy pedagogy, measuring literacy, and developing a school curriculum, is based on the contentious and interpretive definition of literacy. The English speaking developed countries have held a traditional view that a student must be well read to be successful in academics. This often meant reading standardized texts based on English classics or the writings of Greek and Roman philosophers. These texts have little relevance to a multicultural classroom setting where history, social class, and culture play an integral part of education. In the lower grades, the educational system will set a goal of literacy and use a standard that requires the basic ability to read and write in the

Culture diversity in Chinese hospitality industry Essay

Culture diversity in Chinese hospitality industry - Essay Example The BRIC countries are seen as the most attractive business markets of these times. These countries consist of Brazil, Russia, India and china. Thus, this is also one of the reasons why hospitality industry is at the rise in the Chinese market at the moment. However, whether it’s a foreign or local set-up, it is important that the hotels have a diverse workforce as cultural diversity makes it easier for them to cater to people from various backgrounds who visit the country.  Ã‚  With 80 million travelers in 2012, China exceeded US and Germany in becoming the largest source of travellers in the world, depicting the trend of growth of the market. That being said the Chinese market itself has been identified as the key markets for innovation where high end and middleclass hotels are expected to consolidate, budgeting options to become more innovative and sophisticated hospitality needs be catered to increasingly through the expansion of international chains to establish resorts and recreational arenas. The government of china has also highlighted tourism as one of the major growth sectors in its five years plans and facilitates foreign investment in the tourism sector by offering real estate discounts, tax exemptions and priority approvals for their set-up (Atkearney.com, 2013). With a focus on tourism, the country is bound to attract people belonging to diverse backgrounds from the world over.in order to cater to their needs on a better manner, it is important for the hospitality industry in China.

Writing Process Check Point Essay Example for Free

Writing Process Check Point Essay The writing process I read about in this class differs from the processes that I have used in the past, in that I have never used on purpose in-text citations. I do not like the look of papers that have citations in text they break my concentration when I am reading. I am trying to use them more in papers because the instructors want them, and they do make the paper look better. I always use mind-mapping, listing, and free writing. The listing and mind-mapping steps are the easiest for me to complete, and they get my mind completely focused on the task at hand. I list by making a very informal ugly outline, and that is my first step. A teacher would not credit my outlines, but they help me get my thoughts in order so that my paper flows better. Mind-mapping I do by hand with pencil and paper, I put my main idea in the middle of the page, and then draw anything related to the topic on the page in little bubbles. The step that is the most difficult for me is designing a thesis statement that grabs the attention of the audience, includes everything my paper is about. The thesis statement is something that I have never tried to do, so it is a little scary. I will be able to overcome this obstacle over thesis statements in this class when we learn about them. I know after that week I will be able to make a proper thesis statement for my final project. Reference Page: Steps in the Writing Process, Axia College Material

Primary Theoretical Frameworks For Discussing Intimate Partner Violence Criminology Essay

Primary Theoretical Frameworks For Discussing Intimate Partner Violence Criminology Essay Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words Discuss the primary theoretical frameworks-feminist, psychological (including biological hypotheses), or sociological-for understanding intimate partner violence and how each perspective might influence the development of intervention with perpetrators, or counseling with victims? Use examples from the readings to demonstrate the relationship between theory and practice. AND TYPE HEADING] Intimate partner violence is a multi-causal, multifaceted phenomenon and no single theoretical approach has proven sufficient in adequately explaining it. Fortunately, the field of intimate partner violence research has evolved to a point where now the interactive nature of the various relevant factors may be considered. Studies have identified possible determinants of intimate partner violence. Several of these possible causes are salient across diverse cultural and social contexts. Still theories to give reasons for intimate partner violence remain relatively limited. This regrettable lack of a theoretical perspective could possibly limit efforts to better understand intimate partner violence and to develop an effective and sustainable intervention with the perpetrators. This lack of perspective is particularly disconcerting at the level of primary prevention. This writer will examine the principal theoretical frameworks that constitute intimate partner violence. Feminist theories of violence against women tend to place much emphasis on the societal structures of gender-based inequality. The feminist framework argues that as the predominant social class, men have differential access to material and symbolic resources. Women, conversely are devalued as secondary and inferior (Bograd, 1988). As a consequence, womens experiences are often defined as inferior as a result of male domination, a trait that femininist argue influences all aspects of life. The violence, rather than being an individual psychological problem, is instead an expression of male domination of females. Violence against women, in the feminist view, includes a variety of control tactics meant to control women. Much feminist research is based on the premise that gender inequality is the source of violence against women, and that the social institutions of marriage and family are special contexts that may promote, maintain, and even support mens use of physical force against women.   Researchers in this tradition tend to rely heavily on qualitative interviews for data; and most of them have reached the conclusion that violent men are more likely to adhere to an ideology of familial patriarchy (Dobash and Dobash 1979). Gender analysis tackles the belief system that convinces male perpetrators that they have a right to control women in intimate relationships. Failure to address this belief system means that men may simply switch from physical to emotional abuse, and women and children will continue to live in fear. The contributions of psychology to violence in the intimate relationship have received much attention. The majority of research on the topic of intimate partner violence centers on personality disorders and early experiences that will increase the risk of future violent behavior (Buzawa, 2003). Although psychologists have long investigated the factors that predispose one to violence, an individual personality trait has not been found that influences someone to domestic partner violence. perpetrators do not share a set of personality characteristics or a psychiatric diagnosis that distinguishes them from people who are not abusive (Buzawa, 2003). There are some perpetrators who suffer from psychiatric problems, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or psychopathology. Yet, most do not have psychiatric illnesses, and caution is advised in attributing mental illness as a root cause of domestic violence.   On the contrary, there exists a complicated combination of factors that predispose an individual to violent behavior (Buzawa, 2003). The psychological framework extends these factors onto the influence of children growing up within a combination of these external forces.   Usually, men who batter are seeking a sense of power and control over their partners or their own lives, or because they are tremendously dependent on the woman and are threatened by any moves on her part towards independence. Some men batter because thats the only way they know how to be close to or relate to a partner. Some men grew up in violent households, where they watched their mothers abused by their fathers and where they themselves were abused. Some men become violent under the influence of drugs or alcohol, although the substances themselves do not cause the violence. Many psychological approaches view violence as a learned behavior that can be unlearned as apposed to a consequence of individual pathology, stress, or alcohol abuse. In order to institute an effective intervention, individuals must be able to confront their anger without resulting to violent interactions. According to Buzawa Buzawa (2003), a major conflict is that batterers have yet to develop alternative strategies to control their anger. They contend that batterers generally are less capable or adapt to at argumentative self expression (p.34). One compelling premise is that violence in men is not only natural, but an essential trait that was developed through an evolutionary process. As argued by Dobash Dobash (1998), Men have a greater propensity for violence than women. They further maintain that violence is embedded in male physicality, culture and experience (Dobash, 1998). To further extend this argument, Buzawa Buzawa (2003) contend that, It has been empirically established that although both genders commit acts of domestic violence, men commit far more serious violence than do women(p.39). Research on the historical and biochemical links to aggression has considered other pathways, one of which is evolutionary. Daly Wilson (1998) maintain that, violent capabilities and inclinations arose in our male ancestors in response to the demands of male on male competition (Dabash,p.200). Further, Newborn Stanko (1994) maintain that young men learn to do violence and within some cultural expressions it plays an important role in their social place and personal identity (p.165). The question arises, if there is in fact an inherent basis for violence, can there also be a biochemical basis for violence toward women? Domestic violence was found to be all-pervasive among all women but varying in volume and frequency across class, age and education level. As stated by Jewkes, (2002), Womens susceptibility to intimate partner violence has been shown to be greatest in societies where the use of violence in many situations is a socially accepted norm (p.359). Thus family violence will take place more often in violent societies.   With this in mind, it is not uncommon to see more cases of domestic violence reported in communities plagued with violence such as underprivileged inner cities. As stated by Buzawa Buzawa (2003), although domestic violence is present in all social strata and ethnic groups, it is disproportionately concentrated in population subgroups that are stressed with poverty (p.40). Some subcultures develop norms that permit the use of physical violence to a greater degree than the dominant culture. For instance, if a particular community has a significantly high violent crime rate, than it is to be expected that violence will in some way manifest in the home. Often, people in these economically depraved communities develop peer relationships that promote male dominance in the community as well as the use of violence to support a culture of violence against women. Ultimately, domestic violence is a complicated interplay of social, genetic, and environmental factors. Male violence against women in intimate relationships is a social problem condoned and supported by the customs and traditions of a particular society.

Appearance Versus Reality in Katharine Anne Porters He :: Katharine Anne Porter He Essays

Appearance Versus Reality in Katharine Anne Porter's He So many memories came to my mind while reading this story! I grew up in a family (or at least one side of that family) who always cared and worried about what other people thought! Most obviously, the short story, "He," by Katharine Anne Porter is about appearance vs. reality and living with a disabled child. But I also believe the story is about life, the hardships of life, poverty, the innocence of children, the trust children put into their parents, the gossip of small towns, the resentment and bitterness of the hardships of life, being a mother, rural life, denial, guilt, and compassion. Most importantly, however, I believe the story is mostly about the resentment of the hardships of life and appearance vs. reality. Edgar Allan Poe once said in his "Twice Told Tales" that a writer must give her "single effect," or thesis, in the first sentence of a story or they have made a mistake. So, I always look at the first sentence of a story when I read it to see what themes it provokes. The first sentence in "He" is: Life was very hard for the Whipples (324). Throughout the story, we get a building up of just how "hard life was for the Whipples." Through all these hardships, Mrs. Whipple seems to be resentful of every problem the family must overcome. Instead of supporting her husband and her children she complains about everything and seems to worry only about herself. For example, one of the first instances of Mrs. Whipple's true feelings of resentment of having a disabled child (and the burden that creates) comes when she butchers the pig. After she slits its throat, He runs away and Mrs. Whipple thinks to herself "with a stiff face": He'd eat it all if I didn't stop him. He'd eat up every mouthful from the other two if I'd let him (327). Here, I believe Mrs. Whipple's tone is very resentful that she has a disabled child that cannot think for or take care of himself. Mrs. Whipple must always take care of Him first before anyone else since he cannot fend for himself. She "gets tired trying to keep [Him] decent" (327). This scene also shows how resentful Mrs.

Personal Health Plan :: essays research papers

Personal Health Plan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park is one of many fourteen thousand-foot peaks in Colorado. This mountain is world known for its alpine climbing and technical rock climbing. My goal is to some day climb what is referred to as the Diamond. This route is 1500 feet straight up, and can take two days to climb. Physical conditioning as well as mental and spiritual condition is a big part of the climb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physically I would need to hike to the base of the rock face, which is sixteen miles of up hill, and then proceed with the climb stopping at nightfall and sleeping on a ledge called Broadway. This is all done carrying a pack that weighs forty to fifty pounds. When the climb begins there is no protection except what my partner and I could carry in. Carefully placing each cam and proceeding to the top. This is an extreme mental game, because if my partner or I fall the only link between surviving and falling to the ground is a rope and the piece of protection placed. Spiritually, I have to be in touch with myself and know that what ever happens, it happens for a reason. Luck does not play a big part of climbing, skill and psychological abilities are the biggest assets on the rock.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To start a health plan I feel there needs to be a goal. I have established this and now a date to start. First I need to stop smoking and start an exercise program that fits into my busy life style. In the following paragraphs I will attempt to show how I would train for the adventure I have chosen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  January 1, 2002 is the date to stop smoking, no more cigarettes. A work out plan and diet will be implemented along with climbing indoors at a rock gym throughout the winter months, then rock climbing outdoors when the weather is better. These will all work my physical as well as my mental health for the climb about to be attempted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will visit the fitness gym two times a week, and the rock gym once a week during the winter months. The fitness gym on Tuesday nights will include first walking or running on a treadmill for three to five miles, (depending on walking or running) this should take twenty minutes. The body does not start to burn fat until twenty minutes of either running or walking.

Implementing SFA at Quantium Technology Essay

Quantium Technology (founded in 1989) was an innovative technology company that provided computer hardware and software for large enterprises. It had grown to become a leading provider of enterprise servers and specialized workstations which were known for their reliability and security. Quantium was an enormous beneficiary of the dot-com boom, but struggled after the bust and the recession. In 2004, Anne Rothman was the new Executive Vice President of Global Sales and she felt that sales force automation was one of Quantium’s biggest challenges. There were numerous problems with the existing SFA software solution Siebel Sales. Sales representatives were abandoning the system, sales managers were complaining that the sales pipeline data was not accurate. The system did not appear to be increasing win rates or shortening the sales cycle as expected. After the internet bust, competition had commoditized the server market by offering cheaper servers that were closing the performance gap. Quantium moved from being a product company to a solutions company. The sales reps had to adjust by focusing on business issues and business problems instead of technical features. Also the team selling approach was not quite successful. Sales managers and company executives complained that they did not have reliable information on the company sales pipeline. To rectify these problems, Rothman started interviewing the people associated with implementation of the SFA program. SFA was also the core of many CRM applications. The key SFA elements were opportunity management and sales forecasting. Siebel was selected as the SFA software to be implemented. This was implemented with the help of IT specialists and assistance from IT consultants and system integrators. The IT team was pressured to deliver the best possible solution as there were differences as to whether to implement the standard product or its customized version. A training program was rolled out to get the entire sales reps and managers up to speed on the new SFA tool. As the system was being rolled out and put into operation, performance problems emerged from the field and it was associated with Quantium’s existing outdated technology infrastructure. The sales reps especially faced a lot of problems and were hesitant to use the system with a steep learning curve. Rothman went over the history of SFA implementation as well as the current status. She has identified the implementation mistakes and has to find a solution to make SFA work at Quantium.

Chapter 4 Case Problem Hamilton County

To: County Newspaper From: Amber Vlaminck Date: October 5, 2012 Subject: Hamilton County Judges Introduction In this analytical Report we will be analyzing and evaluating the performance of judges of Hamilton County, based on the amount of cases that were appealed. We will be counting appealed cases as mistakes that have been committed by the judges. In this report, will we go through and determine which judges in the county are making too many mistakes. 1. The probability of a case in Hamilton County being appealed and reversed in Common Pleas Court .04462 Domestic Relations Court .00403292Municipal Court .005556867 2. The probability of a case being appealed for each judge Common Pleas Court JudgeProbability of case appealed * Fred Cartolano. 04511 * Thomas Crush . 03529 * Patrick Dinkelacker . 03497 * Timothy Hogan . 03071 * Robert Kraft . 04047 * William Mathews . 04019 * William Morrissey. 03991 * Norbert Nadel . 04427 * Arthur Ney Jr. .03883 * Richard Niehaus . 04085 * Thomas N urre. 04033 ? * John O'Connor?. 04344 * Robert Ruehlman. 04524 * ? J. Howard Sundermann . 06283 * Ann Marie Tracey?. 04043 * Ralph Winkler . 02848 Domestic Relations Court JudgeProbability of case appealedPenelope Cunningham. 002565 Patrick Dinkelacker. 003166 Deborah Gaines. 005455 Ronald Panioto. 002467 Municipal Court JudgeProbability of case appealed Mike Allen. 006993 ?Nadine Allen. 004352 Timothy Black . 005155 David Davis?. 005558 Leslie Isaiah Gaines. 006626 Karla Grady. 001142 Deidra Hair?. 001975 Dennis Helmick . 003671 Timothy Hogan . 005633 James Patrick Kenney . 002144 Joseph Luebbers . 005321 William Mallory . 004591 Melba Marsh. 004137 ?Beth Mattingly . 004376 Albert Mestemaker. 005628 Mark Painter?. 003126 Jack Rosen. 005263 ?Mark Schweikert. 006108 David Stockdale?. 004096 John A. West . The Probability of the Case being Reversed for each judge Common Pleas Court JudgeProbability of case reversed * Fred Cartolano . 003951 * Thomas Crush . 002966 * Patrick Dinkelacke r . 006359 * Timothy Hogan . 003582 * Robert Kraft . 002231 * William Mathews. 007951 * William Morrissey . 007256 * Norbert Nadel. 006759 * Arthur Ney Jr.. 004349 * Richard Niehaus. 004772 * Thomas Nurre. 002192 * ? John O'Connor. 004042 * ? Robert Ruehlman. 005616 * ? J. Howard Sundermann Jr. 010471 * . Ann Marie Tracey. 004139 * ? Ralph Winkler . 001942 Domestic Relations Court JudgeProbability of case reversedPenelope Cunningham. 000366 Patrick Dinkelacker. 000667 Deborah Gaines. 001023 Ronald Panioto. 000231 Municipal Court JudgeProbability of case reversed Mike Allen. 000651 ?Nadine Allen . 000768 Timothy Black. 000754 David Davis?. 000646 Leslie Isaiah Gaines. 002461 Karla Grady0 Deidra Hair? 0 Dennis Helmick . 000633 Timothy Hogan. 000867 James Patrick Kenney . 000357 Joseph Luebbers. 001703 William Mallory. 001087 Melba Marsh. 000852 ?Beth Mattingly. 000337 Albert Mestemaker. 001809 Mark Painter. 001341 ?Jack Rosen?. 001669 Mark Schweikert. 001111 David Stockdale. 000745 ?J ohn A. West. 000715 4.The probability of reversal given an appeal for each judge Common Pleas Court Probability of reversal given Judgean appeal Fred Cartolano| 0. 08759124| Thomas Crush| 0. 08403361| Patrick Dinkelacker| 0. 18181818| Timothy Hogan| 0. 11666667| Robert Kraft| 0. 05511811| William Mathews| 0. 19780221| William Morrissey| 0. 18181818| Norbert Nadel| 0. 15267176| Arthur Ney Jr. | 0. 11200000| Richard Niehaus| 0. 11678832| Thomas Nurre| 0. 04958678| John O'Connor| 0. 09302326| Robert Ruehlman| 0. 12413793| J. Howard Sundermann Jr. | 0. 16666667| Ann Marie Tracey| 0. 1023622| Ralph Winkler| 0. 06818182| | | | |

Latin american relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latin american relationships - Essay Example The George W. Bush presidency brought a new type of foreign policy to the United States, no doubt tempered by the events of September 11, 2001. The if youre not with us, then youre against us temperament of this policy did not play well in Latin America. One nation after another elected leaders firmly dedicated to left leaning policies such as nationalization of key industries, direct welfare relief to the impoverished, and increased taxation on the wealthy. This skewing of national governments to the left side of the political spectrum has affected Latin Americas relations with the United States and the world as a whole. A mistake many on the outside make when looking at these left leaning leaders in Latin America is to fail to recognize the dual nature of this group. Castaneda argues that there are actually two separate groups of leftist leaders exercising power today in Latin America (3). One group has grown out of the old Communist and Bolshevik movements in the 1920s and 1930s. They have experience and have seen what has worked and failed in the past. This group, represented by Michelle Bachelet of Chile, Tabare Vazquez of Uruguay and to a lesser extent Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva of Brazil has moved to strengthen and uphold existing ties with the United States, the world at large and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund. Lula welcomed president Bush on his visit to Brazil and expressed his determination to keep his economic initiatives within the bounds suggested by the IMF. Bachelet has remained close to the United States, despite his open opposition to the war in Iraq. A free trade agreement was signed by Bush and ratified by congress between the two countries, establishing mutually beneficial economic partnerships. In Uruguay, Vasquez has shown himself to support globalization and stood in league with the United States by protesting

Set Up a New Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Set Up a New Business - Essay Example The products – Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Green Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Green come with a rich past, having gone through a century of successful marketing. Pepsi has a long rich past, originating from the last 100 years of success. Caleb Bradham’s analysis provides a definite concept about the sophistication within the market. He developed a strong franchise and also aided better business attributes. With an all time slogan, â€Å"Drink Pepsi Coal†, he has moved through generations, and the new product provides a mild combination of tasty Pepsi flavours, enriched by western lemon brandss. The gains of Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Greenare attributed to the empirical framework that defines and create substantial formulation of the ideal criterion to manage an orderly launching process. Firstly, the relevance of the launching implications state that the usefulness of the model is ideally fundamental to the overall strategy and this overruns Market eval uation for Pepsi is an important phenomenum needed to accomplish positive business feedbacks. The real marketing strategies for this product are hugely dependent on the existing market forces. Ideally, the trends equally explore the usefulness of the momentum generated by the launching method. ... ivered value approach creates a competitive advantage and Braithwaite and MacKay, (1991) explains that market timings are fundamentally vital for better product launches. The target market in this case being London, offers established identities and the marketing mix roles offer techniques including suggested activities within and outside London. Equally, the prescriptions aiding the market fronts are expansive and to undertake the critical plans, prescriptions for Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Green will involve forecast financial outcomes. The new brands establish greater positioning and particularly on the basis of dependent marketing variables. Service provision defines the London market for Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Green as a continuous process which offers substantial customer management concepts. These are ideally explained by the relative operational standards which are comprehensively vital for appropriate product launches. The process range involves implementing the specific marketing processes ranging from selling, pricing and product distribution. Equally, the attainment of the formal distribution mechanisms will also involve the larger market inclusions. In the views of Gray et al, (2005), the business development structures are aided by established market formations. The distinctiveness of the London market is widely explored by the emerging business platforms. The strategy is hugely dependent on a focused penetration level. The research indication for Pepsi-Cola Gold and Pepsi-Cola Green creates coexistence between the specific business models and the defined product factors in the target london market. The Pepsi-Cola strategy applies new market variables. Equally, market pioneering component is specifically aligned from a relatively innovative

The future status of English as the global language is assured Essay

The future status of English as the global language is assured - Essay Example As mentioned above, English is one of the fastest growing languages of world that adopts thousands of new words to embellish its vocabulary. It is this changing nature that prevents many from getting mastery over this language, which may be a real threat to its global status. Despite such a global reach, English is also susceptible to forces of language fragmentation or even disappearance altogether. Some of the linguists have observed that an increase in the democratization of governments will reduce the use of English globally. This is because it relegates the status of the political elite who are chiefly the speakers of non-native English. This downgrading of the English language has already occurred with the advent of independence in the post world war two eras in countries such as Tanzania, Philippines, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Another notable factor concerned with English in India is that the employment of English in the business and educational fields is reducing, especially wi th the recent introduction of a key business newspaper entirely written in Hindi. Furthermore, the rapid growth in Indian higher education will lead to an influx of citizens who speak Hindi or another vernacular language thus lessening the number of citizens who can speak in English. The problem of translation the English become a vital issue in third world nations and people in these nations have often faced difficulties in translating English works in to their native language. This issue often questions the universal acceptability of English language as a Global language and it also reveal the fact that in future the status of English language as a Global language is not assured. The problem is visible in both literature and communication. Many other world languages have been receiving in third world nations without any practical problems and one can find the fact that their translation is

Motion and grauity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motion and grauity - Research Paper Example ys, â€Å"An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted upon by an outside force† (Croce, pp. 38). From this explanation, it is an understanding that a body remains in motion unless some other force stops it down. From this definition, this other force can be either friction or gravity, and thus, understanding of motion itself is an efficient way of understanding the force of gravity. The second law says, â€Å"Acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object† (Quah, pp. 57). This law explains that mass and force are the two indicators that decide the rate with which the body slows or accelerates. Thirdly, Newton stated, â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction† (Quah, pp. 57). In this regard, these three laws of motion are the best ways of defining and understanding motion. Specifically, from these understandings, motion is any change that occurs in the location or place of a body with regard to time and space. In addition, it is an observation that in physics, scientists always define and explain motion with respect to different references, such as friction, gravity, time, velocity, etc. However, without gravity, there can be no definition of motion. In particular, gravity is the most fundamental concept of nature that allows objects and bodies with any mass to interact, and more specifically, attract each other (Garnow, pp. 23-25). In addition, gravity enables the objects and bodies with masses to acquire weight that results in their falling on the ground. In this regard, gravity or gravitation is the basic force that keeps existence of sun, earth, moon, etc in the universe in balanced manner, whereas, its absence would have caused irregularity in orbits of the universe. Therefore, gravity is the fundamental force that directs and manages motion of bodies and objects in the time and space (Garnow, pp.